Hydropower Turbines from Addnew Technologies Limited
Hydro Power - How it works
Internationally, about 20% of all electricity is generated by
hydropower - the world’s most widely used source of renewable
energy. In Nepal, 100% of electricity is generated from hydro
sources. In countries such as Peru, Brazil and Norway, more than
85% of their electricity uses hydropower. In New Zealand, about 60%
of electricity is generated from hydro sources. In China till 2009,
about 22% of electricity is generated from hydro sources.
Hydroelectric power stations capture the energy of falling water to
generate electricity. Two factors are used to assess the generating
capacity of a waterway. The first is the quantity of running water,
or ‘flow rate’, measured in cubic metres per second. The second is
the difference in vertical metres between the intake pipe and the
turbine outlet, or ‘head’.
Formula: Theoretical power available (kW) = 9.81 x Qc x H x Overall
Efficiency
Where Qc = flow in metres3 per second;H = net head
When considering other factors, such as the efficiency of
machinery, pipeline friction and the need to keep residual water in
the stream, the practical output is less than the theoretical
output.
Hydropower works by converting the movement of falling water into
electricity. Many forms of hydro power exist and have been used by
humans throughout history, some examples of this are watermills
powering machinery such as sawmills and farmers irrigating land
using gravity.
Most often water is stored in dams or reservoirs. This water flows
through an intake and into a large pipe called a penstock. The
penstock then feeds water into a turbine which powers a generator.
The turbine is powered by water flowing through the wicket gate.
This gate can be controlled to determine the rate of flow through
the turbine and therefore the amount of power generated. The
turbine is attached by a shaft to an electric generator.
Some common terms:
* kWh Kilowatt hour. This is used to measure electric power use. A
kWh is commonly referred to as a unit” of electricity. A typical
one bar electric heater running for one hour will consume one
kilowatt of electrical energy.
* GWh: Gigawatt hour one million kWhs or units.
* Head: Difference in vertical metres between the intake pipe and
the turbine outlet.
* Penstock: A high-pressure pipe extending from the first upstream
water surface to the turbine.
* Wicket gates: Angularly adjustable streamlined elements that
control the flow of water to a turbine.
* Turbine: A machine that converts the energy of falling water to
mechanical energy.
* Generator: A machine that converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
| Kaplan Hydro Turbines (Propeller Turbines) |
Runner diameters: 0.6-3m
Suitable water head: H=3-30m
Capacity of the generator unit: 160-20000kw
The speed range of the turbine: 60-750rpm
Models and Parameters |
| Francis Hydro Turbines (Mixed Turbines) |
Runner diameters: 0.35-2.5m
Suitable water head: H=10-300m
Capacity of the generator unit: 160-20000kw
The speed range of the turbine: 150-1000rpm
Models and Parameters |
| Pelton Hydro Turbines (Impulse Turbines) |
Suitable water head: H=100-1000m
Suitable flow: Q=0.13-5.81m3/s
Capacity of the generator unit: 200-20000kw
The speed range of the turbine: 250-1000rpm
Models and Parameters |
| Tubular Hydro Turbines (Bulb Turbines) |
Runner diameters: 0.8-3.3m
Suitable water head: H=2-30m
Suitable flow: Q=1.62-53.6m3/s
Capacity of the generator unit: 35-8700kw
Models and Parameters |
| Inclined jet Hydro Turbines (Turgo Turbines) |
Suitable water head: H=40-300m
Suitable flow: Q=0.35-1.166m3/s
Capacity of the generator unit: 100-1250kw
The speed range of the turbine: 600-1000rpm
Models and Parameters |
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